Narcotraficantes en Chile. Análisis estadísticodescriptivo de sujetos detenidos por tráfico de drogas durante el periodo 2017-2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.359Palabras clave:
Crimen organizado, narcotraficantes, tráfico ilícito de drogasResumen
Desde tiempos remotos, la conducta delictiva ha sido una de las principales preocupaciones de la sociedad. En particular, el narcotráfico ha movilizado a las instituciones del Estado y también a investigadores provenientes de distintas áreas del saber; pese a ello —en Chile— esta manifestación del crimen organizado ha sido un fenómeno poco abordado y con escasa evidencia científica. Mediante el lenguaje de programación R se realizó un estudio estadístico descriptivo dirigido a caracterizar el perfil actual del narcotraficante en Chile, a partir de los factores sociocriminógenos presentes en una muestra de 28 397 sujetos, quienes fueron detenidos por tráfico de drogas durante el periodo 2017–2021. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de la inexistencia de un perfil único, sin embargo, se estableció que se trata —mayoritariamente— de un hombre adulto, de estado civil soltero, que promedia los 32.5 años, sin un trabajo u oficio formal, con antecedentes policiales y una carrera delictiva caracterizada por la versatilidad criminal. También se discutió el rol de los extranjeros, las mujeres y los adolescentes dentro del narcotráfico, pues, aun cuando su frecuencia estadística es mayor que en otros delitos, su participación dentro de la estructura criminal sigue limitándose a los eslabones más bajos de la organización.
Descargas
Citas
Albanese, J. (2020). Why organized crime seeks new criminal markets. En Y. Zabyelina & D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal mining: Organized crime, corruption, and ecocide in a resourcescarce world (pp. 31-42). Palgrave Macmillan. https://bit.ly/3SkRMkF.
Albanese, J. (2021). Organized crime as financial crime: The nature of organized crime as reflected in prosecutions and research. Victims & Offenders, 16(3), 431-443. https://bit.ly/3QUCiTr.
Albrecht, C., Duffin, K., Hawkins, S., & Rocha, V. (2019). The use of cryptocurrencies in the money laundering process. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22(2), 210-216. https://bit.ly/3DDpaPl.
Alzate, G. (2014). Apuntes históricos sobre el origen del tráfico internacional de drogas ilícitas en Medellín. Pensar Historia, (4), 47-59. https://bit.ly/3RZEmdX
Aziani, A., Favarin, S., & Campedelli, G. (2020a). Security governance: Mafia control over ordinary crimes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 57(4), 444–492. https://bit.ly/3LtDHiH.
Aziani, A., Favarin, S., & Campedelli, G. (2020b). A security paradox: The influence of governance-type organized crime over the surrounding criminal environment. The British Journal of Criminology, 60(4), 970-993. https://bit.ly/3BTA6Hs
Balcells, M. (2020). Old dogs, new tricks: The use of technology by Italian archaeological looters. En P. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G. Antonopoulos, J. Harvey & K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal defiance in europe and beyond: from organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 449-475). Eleven International Publishing.
Bales, K., Murphy, L., & Silverman, B. (2020). How many trafficked people are there in greater New Orleans? Lessons in measurement. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(4), 375-387. https://bit.ly/3Uppuay.
Battisti, M., Bernardo, G., Konstantinidi, A., Kourtellos, A., & Lavezzi, A. (2020). Socioeconomic inequalities and organized crime: An empirical analysis. En D. Weisburd, E. Savona, B. Hasisi & F. Calderoni (Eds.), Understanding recruitment to organized crime and terrorism (pp. 205-239). Springer.
Bauman, R. (2020). Soldiers for the mob: The military as metaphor for italian organized crime. En M. Roveri (Ed.), Italy and the military: Cultural perspectives from unification to contemporary Italy (pp. 331-346). Palgrave Macmillan.
Becucci, S. (2020). Human smuggling to Italy through the libyan coasts. En P. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G. Antonopoulos, J. Harvey & K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal defiance in Europe and beyond: from organized crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 245-274). Eleven International Publishing.
Bellotti, E., Spencer, J., Lord, N., & Benson, K. (2020). Counterfeit alcohol distribution: A criminological script network analysis. European Journal of Criminology, 17(4), 373-398. https://bit.ly/3LuGhES.
Bertola, F. (2020). Drug trafficking on darkmarkets: How cryptomarkets are changing drug global trade and the role of organized crime. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(2), 27-34. https://bit.ly/3rdk6tT.
Blom, N. (2020). Human trafficking: An international response. En J. Winterdyk & J. Jones (Eds.), The palgrave international handbook of human trafficking (pp. 1275-1298). Palgrave Macmillan.
Breu, S., & Seitz, T. (2018). Legislative regulations to prevent terrorism and organized crime from using cryptocurrencies and its effect on the economy and society. En V. Egorova (Ed.), Forthcoming, legal impact on the economy: methods, results, perspectives. Yustitsinform.
Bright, D. A., & Delaney, J. J. (2013). Evolution of a drug trafficking network: Mapping changes in network structure and function across time. Global Crime, 14(2-3), 238-260. https://bit.ly/3DHU5dt.
Bright, D., Hughes, C., & Chalmers, J. (2012). Illuminating dark networks: A social network analysis of an Australian drug trafficking syndicate. Crime, Law and Social Change, 57(2), 151-176. https://bit.ly/3BzUs7h.
Brown, S., & Hermann, M. (2020). Transnational crime and black spots: Rethinking sovereignty and the global economy. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bryant, K., & Landman, T. (2020). Combatting human trafficking since Palermo: What do we know about what works? Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(2), 119-140. https://bit.ly/3BW1mox
Calamunci, F., & Drago, F. (2020). The economic impact of organized crime infiltration in the legal economy: Evidence from the judicial administration of organized crime firms. Italian Economic Journal, 6, 275-297. https://bit.ly/3eV1UlB
Campbell, H. (2008). Female drug smugglers on the US.-Mexico border: Gender, crime, and empowerment. Anthropological Quarterly, 81(1), 233-267. https://bit.ly/3UtylI2
Castro, A. (2015). Gestión fronteriza contra el narcotráfico en España, Brasil y Chile: una propuesta para Chile [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]. https://bit.ly/3BpsURW
Catalán, J., & Fevre, C. (2002). El crimen organizado internacional y el narcotráfico en Chile [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Andrés Bello] https://bit.ly/3qZUUXi
Childs, A., Coomber, R., Bull, M., & Barratt, M. (2020). Evolving and diversifying selling practices on drug cryptomarkets: An exploration of offplatform “direct dealing”. Journal of Drug Issues, 50(2), 173-190. https://bit.ly/3QVagXO
Churakova, I., & van der Westhuizen, A. (2020). Human trafficking in the Russian Federation: Scope of the problem. En J. Winterdyk & J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave international handbook of human trafficking (pp. 1071-1092). Palgrave Macmillan.
Corder, A., & Ruiz-Tagle, V. (2013). Infracciones penales en espacios transfronterizos. El narcotráfico en la provincia del Tamarugal, Chile. Estudios Fronterizos, 14(27), 31-63. https://bit.ly/3LxJkfx
Cornejo, D., & Carnevali, R. (2008). Análisis del crimen organizado transnacional y las medidas adoptadas en Chile [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Talca]. https://bit.ly/3qVaOlX
D’Urso, G., Petruccelli, I., & Pace, U. (2018). Drug use as a risk factor of moral disengagement: A study on drug traffickers and offenders against other persons. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(3), 417-424. https://bit.ly/3dxTJLS
Dadpay, A. (2020). An analysis of fuel smuggling in the middle east as a single multinational market. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 20(4), 643-656. https://bit.ly/3dzGRov
Encina, F. (2014). La policía marítima frente a la amenaza del narcotráfico en Chile. Estudios de Seguridad y Defensa, (4), 83-119.
Fernández, C. (2019). Historia del narcotráfico en Colombia y la influencia de organizaciones criminales lideradas por colombianos en Chile. https://bit.ly/3qTTxcH
Fiscalía de Chile. (2020). Observatorio del Narcotráfico: Informe 2020. https://bit.ly/3dE2yDI
Fiscalía de Chile (2022). Boletín anual estadístico, enero-diciembre 2021. http://www.fiscaliadechile.cl/Fiscalia/estadisticas/index.do
Florea, I. O., & Nitu, M. (2020). Money laundering through cryptocurrencies. The Romanian Economic Journal, (76), 66-71. https://bit.ly/3f9cQfu
Gallien, M. (2020). Informal institutions and the regulation of smuggling in North Africa. Perspectives on Politics, 18(2), 492–508. https://bit.ly/3BXIcPb
Ganter, R. (2016). Narcocultura y signos de transfronterización en Santiago de Chile. Mitologías Hoy, 14, 287-302. https://bit.ly/3Sl6Tuj
García, V. (2015). Territorios fronterizos. Agenda de seguridad y narcotráfico en Chile: el Plan Frontera Norte. Estudios Internacionales, 47(181) 69-93. https://bit.ly/3SnJwQK
Gomes, A., & Coimbra, R. (2020). Fatores de risco no contexto de adolescentes envolvidos no tráfico de drogas. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 20(1), 119-141. https://bit.ly/3S0wWHj
Gomes, A., Coimbra, R., Koller, S., & Ungar, M. (2018). Hidden resilience in the life of adolescents with involvement in drug trafficking. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 34, 1-9. https://bit.ly/3S4bZLU
Grubb, J. (2020). The rise of sex trafficking online. En T. Holt & A. Bossler (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance (pp. 1151–1175). Palgrave Macmillan.
Harper, R., Harper, G., & Stockdale, J. (2002). The role and sentencing of women in drug trafficking crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7(1), 101-114. https://bit.ly/3R2n4fd
Heber, A. (2020). Purity or danger? The establishment of sex trafficking as a social problem in Sweden. European Journal of Criminology, 17(4), 420-440. https://bit.ly/3Lv8mvU
Hernández-Sampieri, R., Fernández-Collado, C., & Baptista-Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6ª ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Holligan, C., Mclean, R., Irvine, A., & Brick, C. (2019). Keeping It in the Family: Intersectionality and ‘Class A’drug dealing by females in the west of Scotland. Societies, 9(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9010022
Kruisbergen, E., Leukfeldt, E., Kleemans, E., & Roks, R. (2019). Money talks money laundering choices of organized crime offenders in a digital age. Journal of Crime and Justice, 42(5), 569-581. https://bit.ly/3R1oypO
Ley Nº 20.000. (2005). Sustituye la Ley Nº 19.366 que sanciona el tráfico ilícito de estupefacientes y sustancias sicotrópicas. Diario Oficial (16 de febrero de 2005). https://bcn.cl/2f9sj
Li, X., & Feigelman, S. (1994). Recent and intended drug trafficking among male and female urban african-american early adolescents. Pediatrics, 93(6), 1044-1049. https://bit.ly/3R0kbvo
Li, X., Stanton, B., Black, M., & Feigelman, S. (1996). Persistence of drug trafficking behaviors and intentions among urban African American early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16(4), 469–487. https://bit.ly/3DJaw9p
Little, M., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Psychosocial correlates of adolescent drug dealing in the inner city: Potential roles of opportunity, conventional commitments, and maturity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 357-386. https://bit.ly/3LuH9to
Magyar, M., Edens, J., Lilienfeld, S., Douglas, K., & Poythress Jr, (2011). Examining the relationship among substance abuse, negative emotionality and impulsivity across subtypes of antisocial and psychopathic substance abusers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3), 232-237. https://bit.ly/3C0lNB6
Marez, C. (2004). Drug wars: the political economy of narcotics. University of Minnesota Press.
McCurley, C., & Snyder, H. (2008). Co-occurrence of substance use behaviors in youth; juvenile justice bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice. https://bit.ly/3S2M8E2
Meráz M. (2006). ‘Narcoballads’: The psychology and recruitment process of the ‘narco’. Global Crime, 7(2), 200-213. https://bit.ly/3qWYUIi
Natarajan, M. (2006). Understanding the structure of a large heroin distribution network: A quantitative analysis of qualitative data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(2), 171-192. https://bit.ly/3UsbBs8
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. (2020). World Drug Report 2020. https://bit.ly/3dD1T5v
Picanço, F., & Lopes, N. (2016). O tráfico de drogas em formas: Notas de pesquisa sobre o Rio de Janeiro. Análise Social, (218), 96-120. https://bit.ly/3Smf9u9
Santana, A. (2004). El narcotráfico en América Latina. Siglo XXI.
Salinero, S. (2015). El crimen organizado en Chile. Una aproximación criminológica al perfil del delincuente a través de un estudio a una muestra no representativa de condenados por delitos de tráfico de estupefacientes. Política Criminal, 10(19), 25-55. https://bit.ly/3LE48SU
Schemenauer, E. (2012). Victims and vamps, madonnas and whores: the construction of female drug couriers and the practices of the US Security State. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14(1), 83-102.
Shook, J., Vaughn, M., Goodkind, S., & Johnson, H. (2011). An empirical portrait of youthful offenders who sell drugs. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3), 224-231. https://bit.ly/3UqkUJ9
Steinman, K. (2005). Drug selling among high school students: Related risk behaviors and psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(1), 71.e1-71.e8. https://bit.ly/3farSBF
Sudbury, J. (2005). Mules, ‘yardies’, and other folk devils.mapping cross-border imprisinmet in Britain. En J. Sudbury (Ed.), Global lockdown: race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex. (pp. 167-183). Routledge.
Troncoso, V. (2017). Una aproximación al crimen organizado en la triple frontera de Bolivia, Chile y Perú. Debates Latinoamericanos, 14(29), 130-149. https://revistas.rlcu.org.ar/index.php/Debates/article/view/314/263
Vásquez, A. (2017). Apropiación cultural de lo narco en Chile: la narcoserie Prófugos. Revista Comunicación, 26(2-17), 4-15. https://bit.ly/3SE9O1B
Vaughn, M. G., AbiNader, M., Salas-Wright, C., Oh, S., & Holzer, K. (2018). Declining trends in drug dealing among adolescents in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 84, 106-109. https://bit.ly/3qWVZzm
Vaughn, M., Shook, J., Perron, B., Abdon, A., & Ahmedani, B. (2011). Patterns and correlates of illicit drug selling among youth in the USA. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 103-111. https://bit.ly/3DEuvWM
Vidal, J. P. (2016). Control del clorhidrato de cocaína, en la región de Tarapacá, a partir de la implementación del plan frontera norte. Revista Política y Estrategia, (128), 135-157. https://bit.ly/3BVjnUb
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista Criminalidad
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Licencia creative commons CC BY NC ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/