Situation-related crime precipitators: another glance at the human interaction with the environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.136Keywords:
environmental criminology, situation-related crime precipitators, the theory of the rational choice, crime prevention, deviatedAbstract
Situational crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008) have received little attention from criminological literature in the Spanish language and, very often, they have been subsumed into the rational choice perspective (Cornish & Clarke, 2003). However, the autonomous study of these concepts offers us a good opportunity to delve into the process through which offenders move to commit the actual criminal act itself. The objective of this study is to synthetize the evidence with relation to the situational crime precipitators offering a new way to examine the human interaction with the environment in the field of crime. The methodology used envisages a systematic review of empirical literature works carried out since 2007. The results suggest that it is necessary to go further in-depth into the offender’s decision-making process from an integrated theoretical outlook instead of resorting to an atomized point of view. The article is concluded with a discussion on results after considering the major features and limitations of the studies examined.
Downloads
References
G., Huffman, J., Warberg, B. & Holland, C. L. (1998). Visual reaction and plethysmography as measures of sexual interest in child molesters. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 10: 81-95.
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30: 47-88.
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Agnew, R. (2011). Toward a unified criminology: Integrating assumptions about crime, people and society. New York: New York University Press.
Akbulut, Y., Şendağ, S., Birinci, G., Kiliçer, K., Mehmet, C. S. & Odabaşi, H. F. (2008). Exploring the types and reasons of Internet-triggered academic dishonesty among Turkish undergraduate students: Development of Internet-Triggered Academic Dishonesty Scale (ITADS). Computers and Education, 51: 463-473.*
Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L. & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44: 636-655.
Anderson, C. A., Sakamoto, A., Gentile, D. A., Ihori, N., Shibuya, A., Yukawa, S., Naito, M. & Kobayasi, K. (2008). Longitudinal effects of violent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics, 122: 1067-1072.*
Andresen, M. A. (2013). The science of crime measurement: Issues for spatially referenced crime data. New York: Routledge.
Andresen, M. A. & Linning, S. J. (2012). The (in)appropriateness of aggregating across crime types. Applied Geography, 35: 275-282.
Andresen, M. A. & Malleson, N. (2013). Crime seasonality and its variations across space. Applied Geography, 43: 25-35.*
Appiahene-Gyamfi, J. (2007). Interpersonal violent crime in Ghana: The case of assault in Accra. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35: 419-431.*
Baggili, I. & Rogers, M. (2009). Self-Reported Cyber Crime: An Analysis on the Effects of Anonymity and Pre-Employment Integrity. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 3: 550-565.*
Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1: 589-595.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Oxford: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84: 191-215.
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66: 3-11.
Beccaria, C. B. (1764 [1773]). Traité des délits et des peines. Traducción de M. Chailloude Lisy, París, 1773, compilado por Jean-Marie Tremblay, 2006. Recuperado de: http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/beccaria/traite_delits_et_peines/beccaria_delits_et_peines.pdf.1
Bentham, J. (1789 [2008]). Los principios de la moral y la legislación. Buenos Aires: Claridad.
Bierie, D. M. (2012). Is Tougher Better? The Impact of Physical Prison Conditions on Inmate Violence. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56: 338-355.*
Blass, T. (1991). Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment: The role of personality, situations, and their interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60: 398-413.
Botchkovar, E. V., Tittle, C. R. & Antonaccio, O. (2009). General strain theory: Additional evidence using cross-cultural data. Criminology, 47: 131-176.*
Bottoms, A. E., Hay, W. & Sparks, J. R. (1995). Situational and social approaches to the prevention of disorder in long-term prisons. En T. J. Flanagan (Ed.). Long-term imprisonment: Policy, science, and correctional practice (pp. 186-196). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bouffard, J. (2014). The role of sexual arousal and perceived consequences in men ́s and women ́s decisions to engage in sexually coercive behaviours. En J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald & D. Nagin (Eds.). Affect and cognition in criminal decision making(pp. 77-96). New York: Routledge.
Brantingham, P. J. & Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
Brantingham, P. L. & Brantingham, P. J. (1993). Environment, routine and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. En R. V. Clarke & M. Felson (Eds.). Routine activity and rational choice. Advances in criminological theory, vol. 5 (pp. 259-294). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Brodie-Walker, S. N. A. & Morgan, K. A. D. (2011). Factors Impacting Delinquency in Jamaican and African-American Adolescents. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2: 39-49.*
Buijs, L., Hekma, G. & Duyvendak, J. W. (2011). “As long as they keep away from me”: The paradox of antigay violence in a gay-friend-ly country. Sexualities, 14: 632-652.*
Byun, S. (2012). What happens before intimate partner violence? Distal and proximal antecedents. Journal of Family Violence, 27: 783-799.*
Campoy, P. (2013). Precipitadores situacionales del delito: una revisión. Trabajo de fin de máster no publicado. Albacete: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.
Cao, T. Q. (2011). Celebratory parade violence: An exploratory study of the role of impression management and deindividuation. Tesis doctoral. Boston: Northeastern University.*
Clarke, R. V. (1992). Situational crime prevention: Successful case studies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Riener Publishers.
Clarke, R. V. & Cornish, D. B. (1983). Editorial introduction. En R. V. Clarke & D. B. Cornish (Eds.). Crime control in Britain: A review of policy research (pp. 1-56). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Clarke, R. V. & Cornish, D. B. (1985). Modeling offenders’ decisions: A framework for research and policy. Crime and Justice: An annual review of research, 6: 147-185.
Clarke, R. V. & Homel, R. (1997). A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques. En S. P. Lab (Ed.). Crime prevention at the crossroads (pp. 17-27). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
Cohen L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44: 588-608.
Copes, H. & Cherbonneau, M. (2014). The risk and rewards of motor vehicle theft: implications for criminal persistence. En B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.). Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses(pp. 48-69). New York: Routledge.
Cornish, D. B. & Clarke, R. V. (1975). Residential treatment and its effects on delinquency. Home Office Research Studies, No. 32. London: Her Majesty ́s Stationery Office.
Cornish, D. B. & Clarke, R. V. (1986). The reason-ing criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. New York: Springer.
Cornish, D. B. & Clarke, R. V. (2003). Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortley ́s critique of situational crime prevention. En M. J. Smith & D. B. Cornish (Eds.). Theory for practice in situational crime prevention. Crime prevention studies, vol. 16 (pp. 41-96). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Cornish, D. B. & Clarke, R. V. (2008). The rational choice perspective. En R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Eds.). Environmental criminology and crime analysis (pp. 21-47). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Couto, M. T., Tillgren, P. & Söderbäck, M. (2011). Drivers’ and conductors’ views on the causes and ways of preventing workplace violence in the road passenger transport sector in Maputo City, Mozambique. BMC Public Health, 11: 800-811.*
Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Hartman, J. L., Turner, M. G. & Agnew, R. (2008). Gender, bullying victimization, and juvenile delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Victims and Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-Based Research, Policy, and Practice, 3: 346-364.*
Denson, T. F., Aviles, F., Pollock, V., Earleywine, M., Vasquez, E. A. & Miller, N. (2008). The effects of alcohol and the salience of aggressive cues on triggered displaced aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 34: 25-33.
Denson, T. F., Spanovic, M., Aviles, F. E., Pollock, V. E., Earleywine, M. & Miller, N. (2011). The effects of acute alcohol intoxication and self-focused rumination on triggered displaced aggression. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 20: 128-147.
Eck, J. E., Clarke, R. V. & Guerette, R. T. (2007). Risky facilities: Crime concentration in homogeneous sets of establishments and facilities. En G. Farrell, K. J. Bowers, S. D. Johnson & M. Townsley (Eds.). Imagination for crime prevention: Essays in honour of Ken Pease. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 21 (pp. 225-264). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Ellenbogen, S., Trocmé, N. & Wekerle, C. (2012). Self-generated outcome expectancies concerning violence in intimate relationships: A comparison of aggressive and nonaggressive adolescents in a sample of child protective services users. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44: 300-307.*
Felson, M. & Eckert, M. (2015). Crime and everyday life (5.a ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Felson, R. B., Osgood, D. W., Horney, J. & Wiernik, C. (2012). Having a bad month: General versus specific effects of stress on crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28: 347-363.*
Field, S. (1992). The effect of temperature on crime. British Journal of Criminology, 32: 340-351.
Fitzgerald, G., Commissioner (1989). Commission of inquiry into possible illegal activities and associated police misconduct. Brisbane: Government Printer.
Geller, E. S., Koltuniak, T. A. & Shilling, J. S. (1983). Response avoidance prompting: A cost-effective strategy for theft deterrence. Behavioral Counseling and Community Interventions, 3: 28-42.
Gordon, R. A., Rowe, H. L., Pardini, D., Loeber, R., White, H. R. & Farrington, D. P. (2014). Serious delinquency and gang participation: Combining and specializing in drug selling, theft, and violence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24: 235-251.
Gove, W. R., Hughes, M. & Galle, O. R. (1979). Overcrowding in the home: An empirical investigation of its possible pathological consequences. American Sociological Review, 44: 59-80.
Graham, K., Bernards, S., Osgood, D. W. & Wells, S. (2012). “Hotspots” for aggression in licensed drinking venues. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31: 377-384.*
Graham, K., Bernards, S., Wells, S., Osgood, D. W., Abbey, A., Felson, R. B. & Saltz, R. F. (2011). Behavioural indicators of motives for barroom aggression: Implications for preventing bar violence. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30: 554-563.*
Graham, K. & Homel, R. (2008). Raising the bar: Preventing aggression in and around bars, pubs and clubs. Cullompton, Devon: Willan.*
Green, J. & Plant, M. A. (2007). Bad bars: A re-view of risk factors. Journal of Substance Use, 12: 157-189.*
Greenberg, J. (2002). Who stole the money, and when? Individual and situational determinants of employee theft. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89: 985-1003.
Hall, S. & Winlow, S. (2015). Revitalizing Criminological Theory: Towards a New Ultra-Realism. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hasan, Y., Bègue, L. & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Viewing the world through “blood-red tinted glasses”: The hostile expectation bias mediates the link between violent video game exposure and aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48: 953-956.*
Hayward, K. J. (2012). Five Spaces of Cultural Criminology. British Journal of Criminology, 52: 441-462.
Hensley, C. & Tallichet, S. E. (2008). The Effect of Inmates’ Self-Reported Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Motivations on the Number of Convictions for Adult Violent Interpersonal Crimes. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52: 175-184.*
Hinduja, S. (2008). Deindividuation and internet software piracy. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11: 391-398.*
Hinduja, S. & Ingram, J. R. (2008). Self-control and ethical beliefs on the social learning of intellectual property theft. Western Criminology Review, 9: 52-72.*
Hollinger, R. C. & Clark, J. P. (1983). Theft by employees. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Homel, R., MacIntyre, S. & Wortley, R. (2014). How house burglars decide on targets: a computer-based approach. En B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.). Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses(pp. 26-47). New York: Routledge.
Horrocks, J. & Menclova, A. K. (2011). The effects of weather on crime. New Zealand Economic Papers, 45: 231-254.*
Jacques, S. & Bernasco, W. (2014). Drug dealing: Amsterdam’s red light district. En B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.): Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses(pp. 120-139). New York: Routledge.
Kai Yung, (B). T., Heng, M. & Bullock, L. M. (2007). What Provokes Young People to Get Into Trouble: Singapore Stories. Preventing School Failure, 51: 13-17.*
Kelling, G. L. & Coles, C. M. (1998). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in our communities. New York: Free Press.
Kintrea, K., Bannister, J. & Pickering, J. (2010). Territoriality and disadvantage among young people: An exploratory study of six British neighbourhoods. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 25: 447-465.*
Leclerc, B. & Wortley, R. (2014). Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses. London: Routledge.
Lipton, D., Martinson, R. & Wilks, J. (1975). The effectiveness of correctional treatment: A survey of treatment evaluation studies. New York: Praeger.
Liu, R. X. & Lin, W. (2007). Delinquency among Chinese adolescents: Modeling sources of frustration and gender differences. Deviant Behavior, 28: 409-432.*
Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. The Public Interest, 35: 22-54.
Martinson, R. (1979). New findings, new views: A note of caution regarding sentencing reform. Hoftstra Law Review, 7: 243-258.
McCarthy, B. (2002). New economics of sociological criminology. Annual Review of Sociology, 28: 417-442.
McDowall, D., Loftin, C. & Pate, M. (2012). Seasonal cycles in crime and their variability. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28: 389-410.*
McMurran, M., Hoyte, H. & Jinks, M. (2012). Triggers for alcohol-related violence in young male offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17: 307-321.*
Medina, J. J. (2011). Políticas y estrategias de prevención del delito y seguridad ciudadana. Madrid: Edisofer.
Milgram, S. (1974 [2009]). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
Mischel, W. (1968 [1996]). Personality and assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mugavin, M. E. (2007). Antecedents to fatal and nonfatal abuse: A comparative study of filicidal and abusive women. Tesis doctoral. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico.*
Naved, R. T., Blum, L. S., Chowdhury, S., Khan, R., Bilkis, S. & Koblinsky, M. (2012). Violence against women with chronic maternal disabilities in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 30: 181-192.*
Nemeth, J. M., Bonomi, A. E., Lee, M. A. & Ludwin, J. M. (2012). Sexual infidelity as trigger for intimate partner violence. Journal of Women’s Health, 21: 942-949.*
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention trough urban design. New York: Macmillan.
Osgood, D. W., Wilson, J. K., O ́Malley, P. M., Bachhman, J. G. & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Routine Activities and Individual Deviant Behavior. American Sociological Review, 61: 635-655.
Overton, J. C., Hensley, C. & Tallichet, S. E. (2012). Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Animal Cruelty Motives and Recurrent Adult Violent Crimes Toward Humans. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27: 899-915.*
Passini, S. & Morselli, D. (2010). Disobeying an Illegitimate Request in a Democratic or Authoritarian System. Political Psychology, 31: 341-355.*
Pérez, D. M., Jennings, W. G. & Gover, A. R. (2008). Specifying general strain theory: An ethnically relevant approach. Deviant Behavior, 29: 544-578.*
Pornari, C. D. & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36: 81-94.*
Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Sellers, C. S., Winfree Jr., L. T., Madensen, T. D., Daigle, L. E., Fearn, N. E. & Gau, J. M. (2010). The empirical status of social learning theory: A meta-analysis.Justice Quarterly, 27: 765-802.*
Priks, M. (2010). Does Frustration Lead to Violence? Evidence from the Swedish Hooligan Scene. Kyklos, 63-3: 450-460.*
Pšunder, M. & Cvec, M. (2012). Pupils and their perception of media violence. Informatologia, 45: 1-13.*
Raymen, T. (2015). Designing-In Crime by Designing-Out the Social? Situational Crime Prevention and the Intensification of Harmul Subjectivities. British Journal of Criminology, publicado en línea el 20 de julio de 2015. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2015.
Redondo, S. (2015). El origen de los delitos. Introducción al estudio y explicación de la criminalidad. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
Redondo, S. & Martínez-Catena, A. (2015). El concepto criminológico de oportunidad: ¿un gigante con pies de barro? En F. Miró, J. R. Agustina, J. E. Medina & L. Summers (Eds.). Crimen, Oportunidad y Vida Diaria. Libro Homenaje al Profesor Dr. Marcus Felson(pp. 129-156). Madrid: Dykinson.
Regoli, R. M., Hewitt, J. D. & Delisi, M. (2014). Delinquency in society: Youth crime in the twenty first Century (9th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Rogers, R. W. & Ketchen, C. M. (1979). Effects of anonymity and arousal on aggression. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 102: 13-19.
Rosenkrantz-Lindegaard, M., Bernasco, W., Jacques, S. & Zevenbergen, B. (2014). Posterior gains and immediate pains: Offender emotions before, during and after robberies. En J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald & D. Nagin (Eds.). Affect and cognition in criminal decision making (pp. 58-76). New York: Routledge.
Rotton, J. & Frey, J. (1985). Air pollution, weather, and violent crimes: Concomitant time-series analysis of archival data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49: 1207-1220.
Salmon, T. C. & Serra, D. (2013). Does social judgement diminish rule breaking? CSAEWorking Paper 2013/05. Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Universidad de Oxford.
San Juan, C. (2000). Ambientes institucionales. En J. I. Aragonés & M. Amérigo (Eds.). Psicología ambiental (pp. 239-257). Madrid: Pirámide.
Schad, M. M., Szwedo, D. E., Antonishak, J., Hare, A. & Allen, J. P. (2008). The Broader Context of Relational Aggression in Adolescent Romantic Relationships: Predictions from Peer Pressure and Links to Psycho-social Functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37: 346-358.*
Ševčíková, A. & Šmahel, D. (2009). Online Harassment and Cyberbullying in the Czech Republic Comparison Across Age Groups. Journal of Psychology, 217: 227-229.
Serrano-Maíllo, A. (2009). Oportunidad y delito. Madrid: Dykinson.
Sherman, L. W. (1993). Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30: 445-473.
Sinclair, I. (1971). Hostels for probationers. Home Office Research Studies, No. 6. London: Her Majesty ́s Stationery Office.
Smith, M. J. & Clarke, R. V. (2012). Situational crime prevention: Classifying techniques using “good enough” theory. En B. C. Welsh & D. P. Farrington (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of crime prevention (pp. 291-315). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sorg, E. T. & Taylor, R. B. (2011). Community-level impacts of temperature on urban street robbery. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39: 463-470.*
Sparks, J. R. & Bottoms, A. E. (1995). Legitimacy and order in prisons. The British Journal of Sociology, 46: 45-62.
Spohn, R. E. (2012). Delinquent friends and reactions to strain: An examination of direct and indirect pathways. Western Criminology Review, 13: 16-36.*
Steiner, B. & Wooldredge, J. (2009). Individual and environmental effects on assaults and nonviolent rule breaking by women in prison. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46: 437-467.*
Stolzenberg, L. & D’Alessio, S. J. (2008). Co-Offending and the Age-Crime Curve. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45: 65-86.*
Stott, C. (2014). Policing football “hooliganism”: Crowds, context and identity. En M. Hopkins & J. Treadwell (Eds.). Football hooliganism, fan behaviour and crime: Contemporary issues (pp. 248-272). New York: Palgrave.
Sykes, G. & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22: 664-670.
Thompson, C. M. & Leclerc, B. (2014). The rational choice perspective and the phenomenon of stalking: an examination of sex differences in behaviours, rationales, situational precipitators and feelings. En B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.). Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses (pp. 70-100). New York: Routledge.
Tibbets, S. G. (2014a). Integrating rational choice and other theories. En G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.). Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 2564-2573). New York: Springer.
Tibbets, S. G. (2014b). Traits and states of self-conscious emotions in criminal decision making. En J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald & D. Nagin (Eds.). Affect and Cognition in Criminal Decision Making (pp. 221-238). New York: Routledge.
Tompson, L. & Bowers, K. (2013). A stab in the dark? A research note on temporal patterns of street robbery. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50: 616-631.*
Treiber, K. (2014). A neuropsychological test of criminal decision making: regional prefrontal influences in a dual process model. En J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald & D. Nagin (Eds.). Affect and cognition in criminal decision making (pp. 193-220). New York: Routledge.
Tsunokai, G. T. & Kposowa, A. J. (2009). Explaining gang involvement and delinquency among Asian Americans: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Gang Research, 6: 1-33.*
Van der Laan, A. M., Blom, M. & Kleemans, E. R. (2009). Exploring Long-Term and Short-Term Risk Factors for Serious Delinquency. European Journal of Criminology, 6: 419-438.
Van der Rakt, M., Nieuwbeerta, P. & Apel, R. (2009). Association of criminal convictions between family members: effects of siblings, fathers and mothers. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19-2: 94-108.*
Vázquez, D., Fernández, E., Planells-Struse, S. & Belmonte, M. (2014). El perfil geográfico de la delincuencia juvenil: Un análisis de las características espaciales asociadas a la movilidad delictiva de los jóvenes. Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica, 12: art. 6.
Verkuyten, M., Sierksma, J. & Thijs, J. (2015). First arrival and owning the land: How children reason about ownership of territory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41: 58-64.
Vozmediano, L. & San Juan, C. (2010). Criminología ambiental: ecología del delito y de la seguridad. Barcelona: UOC.
Wagers, M., Sousa, W. & Kelling, G. L. (2008). Bro-ken windows. En R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Eds.). Environmental criminology and crime analysis (pp. 247-262). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Walters, G. D. (2011). Black-white differences in positive outcome expectancies for crime: A study of male federal prison inmates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39: 192-197.*
Weerman, F. M. & Hoeve, M. (2012). Peers and delinquency among girls and boys: Are sex differences in delinquency explained by peer factors? European Journal of Criminology, 9: 228-244.*
Wells, S., Graham, K. & Tremblay, P. F. (2009). “Every male in there is your competition”: Young men’s perceptions regarding the role of the drinking setting in male-to-male barroom aggression. Substance Use and Misuse, 44: 1434-1462.*
Wilson, J. Q. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature: The definite study on the causes of crime. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Wilson, J. Q. & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety: Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 122: 29-38.
Wortley, R. (1996). Guilt, shame and situational crime prevention. En R. Homel (Ed.). The politics and practice of situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 5 (pp. 115-132). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Wortley, R. (1997). Reconsidering the role of opportunity in situational crime prevention. En G. Newman, R. V. Clarke & S. G. Shoham (Eds.). Rational choice and situational crime prevention (pp. 65-81). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Wortley, R. (1998). A two-stage model of situational crime prevention. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7: 173-188.
Wortley, R. (2001). A classification of techniques for controlling situational precipitators of crime. Security Journal, 14: 63-82.
Wortley, R. (2008). Situational precipitators of crime. En R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Eds.). Environmental criminology and crime analysis(pp. 48-69). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Wortley, R. (2012). Exploring the person-situation interaction in situational crime prevention. In N. Tilley & G. Farrell (Eds.). The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ronald V. Clarke (pp. 184-193). New York: Routledge.
Wortley, R. & Mazerolle, L. (2008). Environmental criminology and crime analysis: Situating the theory, analytic approach and application. En R. Wortley, & L. Mazerolle (Eds.). Environmen-tal criminology and crime analysis (pp. 1-18). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Wortley, R. & McFarlane, M. (2011). The role of territoriality in crime prevention: A field experiment. Security Journal, 24: 149-156.
Wortley, R. & Smallbone, S. (2014). Emotional arousal and child sex offending: A situational perspective. En J. L. Van Gelder, H. Elffers, D. Reynald & D. Nagin (Eds.). Affect and cognition in criminal decision making (pp. 119-139). New York: Routledge.
Wortley, R. & Summers, L. (2005). Reducing prison disorder through situational prevention: The Glen Parva experience. En M. J. Smith & N. Tilley (Eds.). Crime science: New approaches to preventing and detecting crime (pp. 85-103). Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
Zanella, M. (2014). Script analysis of corruption in public procurement. En B. Leclerc & R. Wortley (Eds.). Cognition and crime: Offender decision making and script analyses (pp. 164-185). New York: Routledge.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1974). On “obedience to authority”. American Psychologist, 29: 566-567.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Licencia creative commons CC BY NC ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
