Which are the determinants associated with the insecurity perception? A statistical and spatial analysis for Bogota, D.C.

Authors

  • Juan David Gélvez Ferreira Universidad de los Andes.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.49

Keywords:

perception of security, fear, crime, victimization survey, security

Abstract

Insecurity and insecurity perception are different issues. It might be considered that they should go hand in hand. However the evidence has demonstrated that this is not always the case. The objective is to find out the insecurity perception determinants in Bogotá. Likewise, it aims to discover if there are heterogeneous effects by gender, incomes and educational level. Similarly, this study analyses the incidence of knowledge about citizen security programs on populations’ security perception. For this, the Coexistence and Citizenship Security Survey and the Perception Survey of the DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics) and the Chamber of Commerce were used to conduct a statistical and spatial description of the data in the city, locality and home in Bogotá. Thus, it was developed through the analysis of the relationship between victimization (crimes perpetuated to the person) and the insecurity perception. Moreover, probabilistic estimations were done that answered the question of interest, separating the effects for population groups to identifying the existence of heterogeneous results. As main results, a strong relationship was found between exposure to crimes, such as theft (affecting people and houses), homicides and squabbles; and the insecurity perception in the neighborhood. Similarly, women and the low-income population are likely to feel more insecure in their place of residence. Finally, knowing citizen security programs –such as the quadrants or community plans- are not connected tothe perception of insecurity in the neighborhood.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Juan David Gélvez Ferreira, Universidad de los Andes.

Magíster en Políticas Públicas de la Universidad de los Andes. Investigador de la Fundación Ideas para la Paz.

References

Álvarez, G. (2013). Factores psicológicos de la percepción de inseguridad. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo (10.ª ed.). Recuperado de: http://ride.org.mx/1-11/index.php/RIDESECUNDARIO/article/viewFile/330/322

Baldwin, J. & Bottoms, A. E. (1976). The urban criminal. London: Tavistock.

Baumer, T. L. (1978). Research on Fear of Crime in the United States. Victimology: International Journal, 3: 254-64.

Betancourt, J. A. (2012). La inseguridad y la seguridad ciudadana en América Latina. Clacso.

Blattman, C., Green, D., Ortega, D. & Tobon, S. (2017). State building in the city: The effects of public security and services on crime, violence and state legitimacy in Bogotá. Recuperado de: https://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/64524/lacea2017_effects_public_security.pdf

Bogotá cómo vamos (2016). Informe de Calidad de Vida de Bogotá. Recuperado de: http://www.bogotacomovamos.org/documentos/informe-de-calidad-de-vida-de-bogota-en-2016/

Braga, A. A. & Bond, B. J. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: a randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46 (3): 577-607.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00124.x

Braga, A. A. & Bond, B. J. (2009). Community perception of crime prevention efforts: using interviews in small areas to evaluate crime reduction strategies. In J. Knuttson & N. Tilley (Eds.). Crime prevention studies (Vol. 24, pp. 87-119). Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.

Brantingham, P. J. & Brantingham, P. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Brunton-Smith, I. & Jackson, J. (2012). Urban fear and its roots in place. In V. Ceccato (Ed.). Urban fabric of crime and fear (pp. 55-82). Dordrecht: Springer.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4210-9_3

Bursik, R. J. & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighbourhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books.

Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (2017). Encuesta de percepción y victimización. Recuperado de: http://www.ccb.org.co/Transformar-Bogota/Seguridad/Observatorio-de-Seguridad/Encuesta-de-percepcion-y-victimizacion

Clemente, F. & Kleiman, M. B. (1977). "Fear of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate Analysis". Social Forces, 56 (2): 519-531.

https://doi.org/10.2307/2577738

Dammert, L., Salazar F., Montt, C. & González, P. A. (2010). Crimen e inseguridad: indicadores para las Américas. FLACSO‐Chile/Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). Santiago, Chile.

DANE (2016). Encuesta de Convivencia y Seguridad Ciu-dadana (ECSC). Recuperado de: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/seguridad-y-defensa/encuesta-de-conviven-cia-y-seguridad-ciudadana-ecsc/ecsc-2015

Farrall, S., Jackson, J. & Gray, E. (2009). Social order and the fear of crime in contemporary times. Clarendon Studies in Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540815.001.0001

Fraile, P. (2007). La percepción de seguridad: entre el delito, el conflicto y la organización del espacio. Recuperado de: http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-24562.html

Fratello, J., Rengifo, A. F. & Trone, J. (2013). Coming of age with stop and frisk. Experiences, self-perceptions, and public safety implications. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.

Fundación Ideas para la Paz - FIP (2012). Evaluación de impacto del Plan Nacional de Vigilancia Comunitaria por Cuadrantes. Recuperado de: http://www.ideaspaz.org/publications/posts/73

Garofalo, J. & Laub, J. (1978). "Fear of Crime: Broadening our Perspective". Victimology, 3: 242-53.

Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z. & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: a systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10 (4): 399-428.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y

Gill, M. & Spriggs, A. (2005). Assessing the impact of CCTV(Rep. No. 292). London: Home Office Research. Development and Statistics Directorate.

Harcourt, B. (2001). Illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hartzell, C., Hoddie, M. & Rothchild, D. (2001). Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables. International Organization, 55 (1): 183-208. doi:10.1162/002081801551450

https://doi.org/10.1162/002081801551450

Hill, G. D., Howell, F. M., & Driver, E. T. (1985). Gender, fear, and protective handgun ownership. Criminology, 23(3), 541-552.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00353.x

Hinkle, J. C. & Weisburd, D. (2008). The irony of broken windows policing: a micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns and fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36 (6): 503-512.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.09.010

IDECA (2017). Mapas de Bogotá. Recuperado de: http://mapas.bogota.gov.co/

Innes, M. (2004). Signal crimes and signal disorders: Notes on deviance as communicative action. The British Journal of Sociology, 55 (3): 335-355.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00023.x

Jackson, J. (2004). Experience and expression: Social and cultural significance in the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 44 (6): 946-966.

https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh048

Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S. & Steg, L. (2008). The spreading of disorder. Science, 322 (5908): 1681-1685.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161405

Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S. & Steg, L. (2011). The reversal effect of prohibition signs. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14 (5): 681-688.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211398505

Lalinde, S. (2015). Requisas, ¿a discreción? Una tensión entre seguridad e intimidad. Bogotá: DeJusticia.

Lee, G. (1983). Social Integration and Fear of Crime among Older Persons. Journal of Gerontology, 6: 745-50.

https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/38.6.745

Lewicka, M. (2009). What makes neighborhood from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachement. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30 (1): 35-51.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.004

Linares, S. (2012). Dificultades metodológicas al medir la segregación: el problema del tablero de ajedrez y de la unidad espacial modificable. Geografía y Sistemas de Información Geográfica (GESIG-UNLU, Luján), Año 4 (N.° 4, Sección II): 10-22.

McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L. & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood Disorder, Integration, and the Fear of Crime. Justice Quarterly, 14 (3): 479-500.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829700093441

Newman, O. & Franck, K. A. (1982). The effects of building size on personal crime and fear of crime. Population and Environment, 5 (4): 203-220.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01257071

Opensaw, S. (1984). The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (Concepts and techniques in modern geography). Norwich, England: Geobooks.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone - The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990

Ratcliffe, J. H., Groff, E. R., Sorg, E. T. & Haberman, C. P. (2015). Citizens' reactions to hot spots policing: impacts on perceptions of crime, disorder, safety and police. Journal of experimental criminology, 11(3): 393-417.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9230-2

Raudenbush, S. W. & Sampson, R. J. (1999). 'Ecometrics': Toward a science of assessing ecological settings, with application to the systematic social observation of neighborhoods. Sociological Methodology, 29 (1): 1-41.

https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00059

Reardon, S. & O'Sullivan, D. (2004). Measures of spatial segregation. Sociological Methodology. 34: 121-162.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2004.00150.x

Rengifo, A. F. & Foglesong, T. (2014). Pitfalls in the design of new indicators of police performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School.

Rock, P. (2007). Sociological theories of crime. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner (Eds.). The oxford handbook of criminology (4th ed., pp. 3-42). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rosenbaum, D. P. (2006). The limits of hot spots policing. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, R. J. & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganisation theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 94 (4): 774-802.

https://doi.org/10.1086/229068

Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American journal of sociology, 105(3), 603-651.

https://doi.org/10.1086/210356

Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D. & Gannon-Rowley, T. (2002). Assessing "neighborhood effects": Social processes and new directions in research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28: 443-478.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114

Sampson, Robert J. (2012). "https://scholar.harvard.edu/sampson/publications/when-things-arent-what-they-seem-context-and-cognition-appearance-based-regulat" When Things Aren't What They Seem: Context and Cognition in Appearance-Based Regulation." Harvard Law Review Forum 125: 977-107.

Schweitzer, J. H., Woo Kim, J. & Mackin, J. R. (1999). The impact of the built environment on crime and fear of crime in urban neighbourhoods. Journal of Urban Technology, 6 (3): 59-73.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10630739983588

Shaw, C. R. & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

https://doi.org/10.2307/1334446

Shaw, J. W. (1995). Community policing against guns: public opinion of the Kansas City gun experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12 (4): 695-710.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096251

Sherman, L. W. & Rogan, D. P. (1995). Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: BHot spots^ patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly, 12 (4): 673-693.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096241

Skogan, W. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Skogan, W. G. (1986). "Fear of Crime and Neighborhood Change". In A. J. Reiss & M. Tonry (Eds.). Communities and Crime (pp. 203-30). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

https://doi.org/10.1086/449123

Skogan, W. & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Soto N, S. (2005). Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología (en línea), 07-09, 09:1-09:46.

Steenkamp, C. (2007). The legacy of war: Conceptualizing a 'Culture of violence' to explain violence after peace accordes. The Round Table, 94 (379): 253-267.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00358530500082775

Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Famega, C. & Ready, J. (2011). The possible Bbackfire^ effects of hot spots policing: an experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7 (4): 297-320.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-011-9130-z

Wikström, P-O. H. (1991). Urban crime, criminals and victims. New York: Springer.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9077-0

Wood, J. D., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H. & Taylor, C. J. (2013). Cops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and Society, 24 (3): 362-379.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.784292

Published

2019-01-01

How to Cite

Gélvez Ferreira, J. D. . (2019). Which are the determinants associated with the insecurity perception? A statistical and spatial analysis for Bogota, D.C. Revista Criminalidad, 61(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.49

Issue

Section

Statistical studies