Psychometric properties and invariance of the scale of acceptance of modern myths about sexual assault in Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.602Keywords:
Sexual assault, rape myths, psychometric properties, invarianceAbstract
The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression [AMMSA] scale is used in various countries, since gender violence increases significantly, especially after the pandemic, so it is It is crucial to understand its psychometric properties in different populations, as in this case with a Peruvian sample. This included 743 participants, divided into two groups: those with no recorded history of violence and those with a recorded history of intimate partner violence. Two methods were used to evaluate the factor structure of the AMMSA, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to validate the structure of the scale. The results revealed a 23-item unidimensional model, which demonstrated the best parsimony and theoretical fit, supported by an alpha coefficient of 0.90. The invariance between the evaluated groups (sex and university) was adequate, and the evaluation of convergent validity psychometrically supported the proposed model. The cut-off point was set at 65, with an area under the curve of 86.7 %. Consequently, a score ≥ 65 indicated the presence of these myths. The satisfactory results of the AMMSA allow us to evaluate and distinguish myths about sexual assault in the Peruvian population.
Downloads
References
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J. y Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of covid-19 on gender equality. Working Paper, 26947. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26947
American Educational Research Association. (2018). Estándares para pruebas educativas y psicológicas. https://www.testingstandards.net/uploads/7/6/6/4/76643089/9780935302745_web.pdf
Anderson, J. C. y Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Bernal-Baldenebro, B., Viñas-Velázquez, B. M. y Mejía-Ramírez, M. A. (2019). Mitos sobre la agresión sexual: Validación de una escala en universitarios en México. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 9(1), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2019.1.09
Bohner, G. (1998). Vergewaltigungsmythen [Rape myths]. Landau, Germany: Verlag Empirische Pa¨dagogik.
Bonilla-Algovia, E. (2021). Acceptance of ambivalent sexism in trainee teachers in Spain and Latin America countries. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 37(2), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.441791
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications. Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
Camplá, X., Novo, M., Sanmarco, J. y Arce, R. (2019). La escala acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression: Validación para la población chilena. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 36(2), 132-146. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/2430/243067142004/243067142004.pdf
Carretero Bermejo, R. y Nolasco Hernández, A. (2019). Sexismo y formación inicial del profesorado. Educar, 55(1), 293-310. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/educar.903
Chávez-Luque, Y. F., Luque Ruiz de Somocurcio, A., Casapia Guzmán, Y., Cervantes Alagón, S. L., Farfán-Solís, R., Ponce Fernández Baca, J. P. y Chagua Aduviri, I. L. (2022). Desarrollo y validación de una escala para evaluar el estigma social relacionado a la covid-19 (ESSCOVID-19) en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 14(3), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v14.n3.30223
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Cheung, G. W. y Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. (2018). Código de ética y deontología. https://www.cpsp.pe/documentos/marco_legal/codigo_de_etica_y_deontologia.pdf
Costello, A. B. y Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9.
Courtois, R., Schlegel, A., Bonhommet, J., Doineau, E., Bertsch, I., Potard, C. y Pham, T. (2021). Validation française de l’échelle de l’adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l’agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d’étudiants et d’auteurs de violence conjugale. L’Encéphale, 47(6), 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.11.010
Davies, S. E. y Bennett, B. (2016). A gendered human rights analysis of ebola and zika: Locating gender in global health emergencies. International Affairs, 92(5), 1041-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12704
Defensoría del Pueblo. (2022). ¿Qué pasó con ellas? Reporte Igualdad y No Violencia, 35. https://www.defensoria.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Reporte-Igualdad-y-No-Violencia-Anual.pdf
Epskamp, S., Stuber, S., Nak, J., Veenman, M. y Jorgensen, T. D. (2019). semPlot: Path Diagrams and Visual Analysis of Various SEM Packages’ Output (1.1.2) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semPlot
Fakunmoju, S. B., Abrefa-Gyan, T., Maphosa, N. y Gutura, P. (2021). Rape myth acceptance: Gender and crossnational comparisons across the United States, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria. Sexuality & Culture, 25, 18-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09755-z
Fernsund, H. E. y Luke, T. J. (2021). Measuring rape myth acceptance in sweden: Psychometric properties of a swedish translation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h79t8
Ferrando, P. J. y Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2018). Assessing the quality and appropriateness of factor solutions and factor score estimates in exploratory item factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement , 78(5), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164417719308
Frenar la violencia de género. (2023, 11 de mayo). El Peruano. https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/212406-frenar-la-violencia-de-genero
Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G. y Siebler, F. (2007). The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 33(5), 422-440. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20195
Ghazal, P. y Akbar, S. (2024). The psychological impact of the rise in media reporting of sexual violence after covid-19 pandemic on Pakistani women’s mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02690-6
Gil, B. y Pascual-Ezama, D. (2012). La metodología Delphi como técnica de estudio de la validez de contenido. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 28(3), 1011-1020. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.28.3.156211
Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. y Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8.ª ed.). Cengage.
Hantzi, A., Efthymios, L., Katerina, T. y Bohner, G. (2015). Validation of the Greek acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) scale: Examining its relationships with sexist and conservative political beliefs. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 9, 121-133. https://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/3072
Hayes, A. F. y Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But… Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
Hirschfeld, G. y Von Brachel, R. (2019). Improving multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis in R: A tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal indicators. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 19(1).
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
Hu, L. T. y Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Inquilla Mamani, J., Yapuchura Saico, C. R. y Inquilla Arcata, F. (2020). Entre la anomia e inhumanidad: Casos de feminicidios en la región Puno, Perú. Comuni@cción, 11(2), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.33595/2226-1478.11.2.441
Jaffe, A. E., Steel, A. L., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T. L. y Gratz, K. L. (2021). Characterizing sexual violence in intimate relationships: An examination of blame attributions and rape acknowledgment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 469-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517726972
Janos Uribe, E. y Espinosa Pezzia, A. (2018). Sexismo ambivalente y su relación con la aceptación de mitos sobre la violencia sexual en una muestra de Lima. Revista de Investigación Psicológica, 19, 61-74. http://www.revistasbolivianas.ciencia.bo/scielo.php?pid=S2223-30322018000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es
Kazmi, S. M. A., Hasan, S. S., Murtaza, F., Arshad, S. y Chattha, A. H. (2023). Psychopathy and proclivity to accept rape myths as predictors of negative attitudes towards victims of rape: The moderating role of narcissism. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 13(42), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-023-00361-2
Khokhlova, O. y Bohner, G. (2020). A Russian version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Validation with a female online sample. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2020.0209
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equayion modeling (4.ª ed.). Guilford Press.
Ledesma, R. D. y Valero-Mora, P. (2019). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(2).
Leitgöb, H., Seddig, D., Asparouhov, T., Behr, D., Davidov, E., De Roover, K. ... y Van de Schoot, R. (2023). Measurement invariance in the social sciences: Historical development, methodological challenges, state of the art, and future perspectives. Social Science Research, 110, 102805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102805
Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021806
Leverick, F. (2020). What do we know about rape myths and juror decision making? The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 24(3), 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712720923157
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A. y Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Logan, T. K., Walker, R. y Cole, J. (2015). Silenced suffering: The need for a better understanding of partner sexual violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(2), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838013517560
López-Sáez, M. Á., García-Dauder, D. y Montero, I. (2019). El sexismo como constructo en psicología: Una revisión de teorías e instrumentos. Quaderns de Psicologia, 21(3), e1523-e1523. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1523
Madrona-Bonastre, R., Sanz-Barbero, V., Pérez-Martínez, D., Sánchez-Martínez, L., Forcadell-Díez, G. P. y Vives-Cases, C. (2023). Sexismo y violencia de pareja en adolescentes. Gaceta Sanitaria, 37, 102221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.02.007
Martínez Pérez, J. A. y Pérez Martin, P. S. (2023). La curva ROC. Medicina de Familia. Semergen, 49(1), 101821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2022.101821
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W. y Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Erlbaum.
Megías, J. L., Romero-Sánchez, M., Durán, M., Moya, M. y Bohner, G. (2011). Spanish validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 912-925. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.37
Milesi, P., Süssenbach, P., Bohner, G. y Megías, J. L. (2020). The interplay of modern myths about sexual aggression and moral foundations in the blaming of rape victims. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2622
Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables. (2020). Decreto supremo n° 004-2020-mimp. Decreto supremo que aprueba el texto único ordenado de la Ley n° 30364, ley para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia contra las mujeres y los integrantes del grupo familiar. https://n9.cl/8uh9z
Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables. (2024). Casos atendidos por los Centros Emergencia Mujer, según edad de la persona usuaria. Enero-abril, 2024 (preliminar). https://portalestadistico.aurora.gob.pe/casos-atendidos-por-los-cem-segun-gruposde-edad-ano-2024/
Morales Vallejo, P. (2013). El análisis factorial en la construcción e interpretación de tests, escalas y cuestionarios. Universidad Pontificia Comillas.
Muñoz-Galiano, I. M., González-Gijón, G., Martínez-Heredia, N. y González García, E. (2024). Genderbased violence and sexism among young couples. Social Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030179
Muñoz-Ponce, N., Espinobarros-Nava, F., Romero-Méndez, C. y Rojas-Solís, J. L. (2020). Sexismo, celos y aceptación de violencia en jóvenes universitarios mexicanos. Katharsis, 29, 15-31. https://revistas.iue.edu.co/index.php/katharsis/article/view/1284
Murray, C. y Calderón, C. (2021). Mitos de violación, creencias que justifican la violencia sexual: Una revisión sistemática. Revista Criminalidad, 63(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.320
Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia contra las Mujeres y los Integrantes del Grupo Familiar Violencia Contra la Mujer. (2016). Mecanismos de seguimiento del Plan Nacional contra la Violencia de Género 2016-2021. https://www.gob.pe/47207-observatorionacional-de-la-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-y-losintegrantes-del-grupo-familiar
Ocampo-Otálvaro, L. E.., Morales-Herrera, M. y Hernández-Calle, J. A. (2021). Validez estructural del acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA) en universitarios colombianos: Structural validity of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA) in Colombian university students. Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos de Psicología, 20(2), 1-9.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Respeto a las mujeres: Prevención de la violencia contra las mujeres. https://acortar.link/JxhG6y
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2021, 8 de marzo). Violencia contra la mujer. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-againstwomen
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (s. f.). Prevención de la violencia. https://acortar.link/gdqR4M
Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Zarei, M., Saniee, N. y Rasouli, M. A. (2023). Gender-based violence against women during the covid-19 pandemic: Recommendations for future. BMC Women’s Health, 23(219). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02372-6
Payne, D., Lonsway, K., & Fitzgerald, L. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27-68. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S. y Van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development. https://acortar.link/DG84LF
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M. y Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741-763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
Pryor, J. B. (1987). Sexual harassment proclivities in men. Sex Roles, 17, 269-290.
Quispe Mamani, J. C., Quispe Lino, C. N., Arpasi Chambi, K. M., Llanos Condori, V., Hancco Gomez, M. S. y Quispe Quispe, B. (2021). Factores determinantes de la violencia física hacia la mujer en el Perú, periodo 2015-2019. Ciencia Latina: Revista Multidisciplinar, 5(5), 6973-6992. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v5i5.825
Revelle, W. (2023). Procedures for psychological, psychometric, & personality research. https://personality-project.org/r/psych-manual.pdf
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J. C. y Müller, M. (2011). pROC: An opensource package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(77). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/77
Rodríguez del Pino, J. A. y Jabbaz Churba, M. (2022). Deconstruyendo machos, construyendo personas: Relatos de alejamiento de la masculinidad hegemónica en España. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 79, 108-124. https://doi.org/10.7440/res79.2022.07
Rodríguez Narváez, V. (2022). Reflexiones en torno a la violencia sexual: Consecuencias y acciones. Revista Médica Herediana, 32(4), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.20453/rmh.v33i3.4343
Romero-Sánchez, M., López Megas, J., Carretero-Dios, H. y Rincón Neira, L. (2013). Versión colombiana de la escala acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression: Primeros análisis psicométricos. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 45(1), 121-134. http://publicaciones.konradlorenz.edu.co/index.php/rlpsi/article/view/1319
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Rottenbacher de Rojas, J. M., (2012). Relaciones entre el sexismo ambivalente, el conservadurismo político y la rigidez cognitiva en una muestra de habitantes de la ciudad de Lima. Psicología desde el Caribe, 29(2), 229-256. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/psdc/v29n2/v29n2a01.pdf
Samji, K. y Vasquez, E. A. (2020). The link between myths about sexual aggression and sexual objectification via hostile attitudes toward women. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 26(3), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2019.1676924
Schmitt , M. , D a l b e r t , C . , & Montada, L . (1982). Interpersonale Verantwortlichkeit erwachsener Töchter ihren Müttern gegenüber: Rekrutierung der Ausgangsstichprobe, Erhebungsinstrumente in erster Version und Untersuchungsplan. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8779
Schou-Bredal, I., Bonsaksen, T., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., Grimholt, T. K., Lerdal, A. y Heir, T. (2022). Sexual assault and the association with health, quality of life, and self-efficacy in the general Norwegian population. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3-4), 1878-1901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520926307
Subía-Arellano, A., Muñoz, N. y Navarrete, A. (2020). Comportamiento sexual y aislamiento social a causa del covid-19. CienciAmérica, 9(2), 256-260. http://201.159.222.118/openjournal/index.php/uti/article/view/315/546
Svetina, D., Rutkowski, L. y Rutkowski, D. (2020). Multiplegroup invariance with categorical outcomes using updated guidelines: An illustration using Mplus and the lavaan/semTools packages. Structural Equation Modeling, 27(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1602776
Torre-Laso, J. (2020). ¿Por qué se cometen agresiones sexuales en grupo? Una revisión de las investigaciones y propuestas teóricas. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 30(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2019a18
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
Valle Aparicio, J. E. (2022). La educación en igualdad de género en la infancia y la adolescencia en las aulas españolas: Una inversión para la transformación social. Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.5699
Vehovar, V. y Manfreda, K. L. (2017). Overview: online surveys. En N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee y G. Blank (eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 143-161). SAGE.
Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A. y Doval, E. (2017). A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anales de Psicología, 33, 755-782. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401
Wickham, H. (2016). Data analysis. Springer.
Wickham, H. y Miller, E. (2020). haven: Import and Export “SPSS”, “Stata” and “SAS” Files (2.3.1) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=haven
Yapp, E. J. y Quayle, E. (2018). A systematic review of the association between rape myth acceptance and male-on-female sexual violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.002
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Criminalidad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licencia creative commons CC BY NC ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
