Empresas privadas militares e de segurança: rumo a uma definição operacional para o direito humanitário internacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.354Palavras-chave:
Serviços de segurança privada, pessoal militar, hostilidade crime relacionamento, direitos humanos internacionais, responsabilidade do estado , Empresas privadas militaresResumo
Este artigo visa analisar os elementos cuja ponderação poderia levar a uma definição operacional de empresas militares e de segurança privadas para o direito humanitário internacional. A metodologia utilizada para atingir este objetivo consiste na análise de fontes documentais, incluindo uma revisão das normas jurídicas internacionais, doutrina e literatura acadêmica de outras ciências sociais, o que favorece um debate interdisciplinar para abordar o fenômeno das empresas privadas militares e de segurança com o objetivo de complementar a construção desta definição operacional a partir do maior número possível de perspectivas.
Downloads
Referências
Avant, D. (2005). The market of force. Cambridge University Press.
Bjoveit, P. (2008). Treath or asset?: how private security companies and private military companies affect the US monopoly on legitime force [Tesis de maestría, Universitetet I Oslo]. https://bit.ly/3deAK8K
Boone, M. D. (2011). Private military companies and state sovereignty: an english school approach to regulations and its consequences [Tesis de maestría, Dalhouise University] https://bit.ly/3BB6j6o
Bosch, S. (2007). Private security contractors and internartional humanitarian law —a skirmish for recognition in international armed conflicts—. African Security, 16(4), 34-52. https://bit.ly/3d5rCTV
Brooks, D. (2000). Messiahs or mercenaries? The future of international private military services. International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 129-144.
Cameron, L., & Chetail, V. (2013). Privatizing war: private military and security companies under public international law. Cambidge University Press.
Cano Linares, M. Á. (2008). El derecho internacional humanitario frente al uso de la fuerza como actividad empresarial ¿El fin de un monopolio? Anuario Derecho, 24, 47-77.
Clark, M. K. (2008). In the company of soldiers: private security companies’ impact on military effectiveness and the democratic advantage [Tesis doctoral, Cornell University] https://bit.ly/3d5fSRA
Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja. (1949). Los convenios de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949. https://bit.ly/2ODVWo2
Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja. (2009). Guía para interpretar la noción de participación directa en las hostilidades según el Derecho Internacional Humanitario. https://bit.ly/3db6xHR
Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja & Confederación Suiza. (2008). Documento de Montreux sobre las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales pertinentes y las buenas prácticas de los Estados en lo que respecta a las operaciones de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas durante los conflictos armados. https://bit.ly/3BvoZUR.
Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja & Confederación Suiza. (2013). Montreux +5 Conference. https://bit.ly/3qz6EQo
Confederación Suiza “The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICOCA)”, (9 de noviembre de 2010), https://icoca.ch/sites/all/themes/icoca/assets/icoc_english3.pdf
Coufal, L. (2007). More than Mercenaries? Mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the Rise of Private Military Companies. [Tesis de maestría, University of British Columbia]. https://bit.ly/3RY5bie
Daniels, P. R. (2015). Just war and administrative personnel in the private military industry. Journal of Military Ethics, 14(2), 146-161.
De Nevers, R. (2009). Private security companies and the laws of war. Security Dialogue, 40(2), 169190.
DeWinter-Schmitt, R. (Ed.). (2013). Montreux five years on: an analysis of state efforts to implement Montreux document legal obligations and good practices. Human Rights in Business; Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law; American University Washington College of Law. https://bit.ly/3qxeytS
Drutschmann, S. (2014). Motivation, markets and client relations in the british private security industry. [Tesis de doctorado, King´s College London]. https://bit.ly/3B7ZEyU
Ellington, S. (2011). The rise of battlefield private contractors. Public Imtegrity, 13(2), 131-148.
Elsea, J. K. (2011). Private security contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: legal issues. Russia, China and Eurasia-Social, Historical, 27(1), 45-93.
Ettinger, A. (2014). After the gold rush: corporate warriors and the market of force revisited. International Journal, 69(4), 559-569. https://bit.ly/3L6KVsu.
Hansen, J. (2012). Rethinking the regulation of private military and security companies under international humanitarian law. Fordham International Law Journal, 35(3), 698-736. https://bit.ly/3QAYqSG.
Heinecken, L. (2013). Outsourcing public security: the unforeseen cosequences for the military profession. Armed Forces & Society, 40(4), 625646. https://bit.ly/3eGit4H
Hurst, S. (2010). “Trade in force”: the need for effective regulation of private military and security companies. Southern California Law Review, 84(2), 447-486.
Huskey, K. (2012). Accountability for private military and security contractors in the international legal regime. Criminal Justice Ethics, 31(3), 193212. https://bit.ly/3xgJd2g
Jackson, P. (2002). ‘War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men’: private military companies, combat and regulation. Civil Wars, 5(4), 30-55. https://bit.ly/3qC1MKg
Joachim, J., & Schneiker, A. (2014). All for one and one in all: private military security companies as soldiers, business managers and humanitarians. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 27(2), 246-267. https://bit.ly/3L8LPVJ
Kálmán, J. (2013). Mercenaries reloaded? Applicability of the notion of ‘mercenaries’ in relation to private military companies and their employees. Acta Juridica Hungarica, 54(4), 367-383. https://bit.ly/3U7ayxt.
Kinsey, C. (2006). Corporate soldiers and International Security. Nueva York: Routledge.
Laboire, M. (2012). La privatización de la seguridad: las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas en el entorno estratégico actual. Secretaría Técnica General, Ministerio de Defensa. https://bit.ly/3d5GyBF.
Macías, A. (2012). The impact of PMSC on the role of today’s military. Opera, 12(12), 221-238. https://bit.ly/3xgAlcG.
Machairas, D. (2014). The ethical implications of the use of private military force: regulatable or irreconciliable? Journal of Military Ethics, 13(1) 49-69. https://bit.ly/3QC5YEw.
Matteo, D. (2015). The use of private military and security companies in international society: contestation and legitimation of state practice [Tesis de doctorado, University of Westminster] https://bit.ly/3DjH1ee.
Milkeraityté, K. (2008). Private military and security companies and their personnel in the context o international humanitarian law [Tesis de maestría, Mykolas Romeris University] https://bit.ly/3eHMqBo.
Naciones Unidas. (2001). Responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. https://bit.ly/3d64B3c.
Naciones Unidas. (2009). Draft international convention on the regulation, oversight and monitoring of private military and security companies. https://bit.ly/3QEa2UX.
Naciones Unidas. (2010). Report of the working group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. https://bit.ly/3eCfIRP.
Ortiz, J. (2010). Private armed forces and global security: a guide to the issues. Praeger.
Pattison, J. (2012). The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companies, and just war theory. European Journal of Political Theory, 11(2), 131-154. https://bit.ly/3RU3suq
Percy, S. (2007). Mercenaries: the history of a norm in international relations. Oxford University Press.
Pozo Serrano, P., & Hernández Martín, L. (2007). El marco jurídico de las CMSP. Reflexiones a propósito de la experiencia en Irak. Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional, 23, 315-351. https://bit.ly/3eJF1Sf.
Rothe, D., & Ross, J. (2010). Private military contractors, crime, and the terrain of unaccountability. Justice Quaterly, 27(4), 593617. https://bit.ly/3B89ctK.
Schaud Jr., G. (2010). Civilian combatants, military professionals? American officer judgements. Defence Studies, 10(3), 369-386. https://bit.ly/3DjeGo3.
Schmitt, M. (2005). Humanitarian law and direct participation in hostilities by private contractors or civilian employees. Chicago Journal of International Law, 5(2), 511-546. https://bit.ly/3xdFtyo.
Schreier, F., & Caparini, M. (2005). Privatising security: law, practice and governance private military and security companies. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
Shearer, D. (1998). The expansion of the private military sector. The Adelphi Papers, 38(316), 23-37. https://bit.ly/3U0hnRw.
Singer, P. (2006). Humanitarian principles, private military agents: implications of the privatized military industry for the humanitarian community. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 13(1), 105-121. https://bit.ly/3quB8De.
Urbina, J. (2015). Actores no estatales y externalización de las funciones militares en los conflictos armados: los contratistas privados ante el derecho internacional humanitario. Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional, 8, 41-85. https://bit.ly/3U28yqk.
Urueña-Sánchez, M. (2020). Mercenarios y compañías militares y de seguridad privadas: estructuración de sus redes normativas. Tirant Lo Blanch.
Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. (2019). Las compañías militares y de seguridad privadas ¿los nuevos mercenarios? Revista Criminalidad, 61(1), 97110. https://bit.ly/3RZXDMe.
Urueña Sánchez, M. I. (2010). Paramilitarismo en Colombia: entre partisanos y piratas. Sophia, 6, 92-100.
Verdad Abierta. (2012). Los viajes de Yahir Klein a Colombia. https://bit.ly/3RBqzdF.
Wallace, D. A. (2011). International code of conduct for private security service providers. International Legal Materials, 50(1), 89-104. https://bit.ly/3L9Ud7b.
Warner, D. (2012). Establishing norms for private military and security companies. Denver International Law & Politics, 40(1),106-117.
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista Criminalidad
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licencia creative commons CC BY NC ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
